|
The D'Hondt method (also known as Jefferson's method and Bader-Ofer method) is a highest averages method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation. The method described is named after Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt, who described it in 1878. There are two forms: closed list (a party selects the order of election of their candidates) and an open list (voters' choices determine the order). Proportional representation systems aim to allocate seats to parties in proportion to the number of votes received. For example, if a party wins one-third of the votes then it should gain one-third of the seats. In general, exact proportionality is not possible because these divisions produce fractional numbers of seats. As a result, several methods, of which the D'Hondt method is one, have been devised which guarantee that the parties' seat allocations are whole numbers that sum to the correct total, while aiming to preserve proportionality as far as is possible.〔Gallagher, Michael. (Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems ). Trinity College, Dublin.〕 In comparison with the Sainte-Laguë method, D'Hondt slightly favours large parties and coalitions over scattered small parties. Legislatures using this system include those of Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, East Timor, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Kosovo, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Scotland, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Uruguay, and Wales. The system has also been used for the 'top-up' seats in the London Assembly; in some countries during elections to the European Parliament; and during the 1997 Constitution-era for allocating party-list parliamentary seats in Thailand.〔Aurel Croissant and Daniel J. Pojar, Jr., (Quo Vadis Thailand? Thai Politics after the 2005 Parliamentary Election ), Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 6 (June 2005)〕 A modified form was used for elections in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly but abandoned in favour of the Hare-Clark system. The system is also used in practice for the allocation between political groups of a large number of posts (Vice Presidents, committee chairmen and vice-chairmen, delegation chairmen and vice-chairmen) in the European Parliament and for the allocation of ministers in the Northern Ireland Assembly. ==Allocation== After all the votes have been tallied, successive quotients are calculated for each party. The formula for the quotient is〔. See in particular the section "Sainte-Lague", (pp. 174–175 ).〕 :: where: * ''V'' is the total number of votes that party received, and * ''s'' is the number of seats that party has been allocated so far, initially 0 for all parties. The total votes cast for each party in the electoral district is divided, first by 1, then by 2, then 3, right up to the total number of seats to be allocated for the district/constituency. Say there are ''p'' parties and ''s'' seats. Then create a grid of numbers, with ''p'' rows and ''s'' columns, where the entry in the ''i''th row and ''j''th column is the number of votes won by the ''i''th party, divided by ''j''. The ''s'' winning entries are the ''s'' highest numbers in the whole grid; each party is given as many seats as there are winning entries in its row. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「D'Hondt method」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|